\chapter{副词从句}
副词从句是三种从属从句（名词、形容词、副词从句）中最简单的。它与主要从句之间，有点像对等从句的关系。

\section{副词从句与对等从句的比较}
例：

1. \wordtag{Because}{从属连接词} \wordtag{he needs the money}{副词从词}，\wordtag{he works hard}{主要从句}. (因为他缺钱，所以他勤奋工作。)

2. \wordtag{He needs the money}{对等从句},\wordtag{and}{对等连接词} \wordtag{he works hard}{对等从句}.  (他需要钱，也勤奋工作。)

例1 是分成主、从的复合结构。其中副词从句He needs the money和主要从句He works hard分别都是完整、独立的简单句，以一个连接词连起来。这和例2中两个对等从句的情形完全相同。唯一的差别是对等从句使用对等连接词（例2中的and），连接起来的两个从句地位相等，没有主从之分，也不需互相解释。副词从句则使用从属连接词（例1中的because），使得because he needs the money成为从属地位的从句，当作副词使用，用来修饰主要从句中的动词works（交待works hard的原因）。除了这一层修饰关系这外，副词从句与对等从句同样单纯。

\section{副词从句与名词从句的比较}
副词从句与名词从句的差别比较大。例：

1. \wordtag{The witness}{S} \wordtag{said}{V} \wordtag{that}{连接词} \wordtag{he saw the whole thing}{O(名词从句)}.

(证人说他目睹了事情发生的全过程。)

2. \wordtag{The witness}{S} \wordtag{said}{V} \wordtag{this}{O},\wordtag{though}{连接词} \wordtag{he didn't really see it}{副词从句}.

(证人这样说，尽管他没有真正看到。)

先看共同点：首先，两者原来都是完整、独立的简单句（例1中的He saw the whole thing与例2中的He didn't really see it）。然后，两者都是加上从属连接词构成从属从句，但是由此开始有了差别。名词从句加的连接词是that，表示``那件事情''，此外没有别的意义。副词从句加的连接词，如例2的though，及上节例子中的because等，都是有意义的连接词，表达两句话之间的逻辑关系：though表示让步，because表示原因，if表示条件。使用的连接词不同，一个有意义，一个没有意义，这是副词从句与名词从句第一个重要的差别。

第二个差别是：名词从句属于名词类，要放在主要从句中的名词位置使用，副词从句则不然。例1中主要从句The witness said部分尚不完整，在及物动词said后还要有个名词当宾语，构成S+V+O的句型才算完成。取一个独立的简单句He saw the whole thing外加没有意义的连接词that，造成一个名词从句，就可以放入主要从句The witness said后面的宾语位置使用，成为例1的形状。

副词从句情况不同，它是修饰语的词类，要附在一个完整的主要从句上作修饰语使用。如例2 He didn't really see it是完整的单句，外面加上表示让步的连接词though构成副词从句。主要从句The witness said this已经是完整的句子（S+V+O），把副词从句though he didn't really see it直接附上去当副词，用来修饰动词said。因为两个从句都是完整的简单句，所以说其间的关系很像对等从句的关系。这是副词从句与名词从句第二个重要的差别。

\section{副词从句的种类}
副词从句的学习重点在于认识各种连接词，以便写作时可以选择贴切的连接词来表达各种逻辑关系。

\subsection{时间、地方}
1. He became more frugal（节俭的） \wordtag{after}{连接词} \wordtag{he got married}{副词从句}.
(他结婚后变得比较节俭。)

副词从句修饰动词became的时间。

2. I'll be waiting for you \wordtag{until}{连接词} \wordtag{you're married}{副词从句}.
(我会等你，直到你结婚为止。)

副词从句修饰动词will be waiting的时间。

未来时间的副词语句，虽然还没有到发生的时间，可是语气上必须当作``到了那个时候''来说，所以时态要用现在式来表示（如例2中的are married）。这属于语气的问题，曾说明过。

3. It was all over \wordtag{when}{连接词} \wordtag{I got there}{副词从句}. (我赶到的时候事情都结束了。)

副词从句修饰动词was的时间。
when这个连接词，也可当做关系词来使用。

4. A small town grew \wordtag{where}{连接词} \wordtag{three roads met}{副词从句}. 
(一个小镇在三条路交会处发展起来。)

副词从句修饰动词grew的地方。同样的，where这个连接词也可当作关系词来解释。

\subsection{条件}
1. \wordtag{If}{连接词} \wordtag{he calls}{副词从句}, I'll say you're sleeping.

（如果他打电话来，我就说你在睡觉）

副词从句修饰动词will say的条件 --- 如果打来就会说，不打来就不说了。

在表示条件的副词从句中，如果时间是未来，也必须以``当作真正发生''的语气来说，所以要用现在式的动词。同时注意say的宾语（名词从句）you're sleeping也用现在式，因为这是当作已经打来了，自然要说``在睡觉''，而不是``要去睡觉''(will be sleeping)。只有主要从句I'll say用未来式的动词，因为如果打来了``就会''说，这表示现在还没说！

2. He won't have it his way, \wordtag{as long as}{连接词} \wordtag{I'm here}{副词从句}.

（只要我在，不会让他称心如意。）

副词从句修饰动词won't have的条件。 as long as 也可以用比较级来诠释。

3. \wordtag{Suppose}{连接词} \wordtag{you were ill}{副词从句},where would you go ?

(假设你生病了，你会到哪里去？)

副词从句修饰动词would go的条件。Suppose本来是动词，这个副词从句原来是supposing that you were ill的句型，经过省略后才成为只剩suppose一字当连接词用。同时注意两个动词都是非事实的假设语气。

\subsection{原因、结果}
1. \wordtag{As}{连接词} \wordtag{there isn't much time left}{副词从句},we might as well call it a day.

(既然时间所剩无几，我们不妨就此结束好了。)

副词从句修饰动词might call的原因。

2. There's nothing to worry about, \wordtag{now that}{连接词} \wordtag{Father is back}{副词从句}.

(既然父亲回来了，就没什么好担心了。)

副词从句修饰动词is的原因。

\emph{注意}：简单句前面加上一个单独的、没有意义的that，会成为名词从句（指``那件事''）。可是that一旦配合其他字眼当作连接词、具有表达逻辑关系的功能时，就成了副词从句的连接词，引导的是副词从句。

now that解释为``既然''，用来表达原因，所以它后面的Father is back就成了副词从句。

3. He looked \wordtag{so sincere that}{连接词} \wordtag{no one doubted his story}{副词从句}.

(他看起来是那么诚恳，所以没有人怀疑他说的话。)

副词从句修饰形容词sincere造成什么后果。连接词so…that表示因果关系，所以引导的是副词从句。

4.The mother locked the door from the outside, \wordtag{so that}{连接词} \wordtag{the kids couldn't get out when they saw fire}{副词从句}. 

(这位妈妈把门反锁，所以小孩看到火起时也跑不出去。)

副词从句修饰动词locked造成什么后果。连接词so that亦表示因果关系，所以引导的是副词从句。请注意这个副词从句中又有一个表示时间的副词从句when they saw fire。

\subsection{目的}
1. The mother locked away the drugs \wordtag{so that}{连接词} \wordtag{the kids wouldn't swallow any by mistake}{副词从句}.

(这位妈妈把药锁好，目的是不让小孩误食。)

副词从句修饰动词Locked有什么目的。同样是so that连接词，同样引导副词从句，但是这里用来表示目的。

2. I've typed out the main points in boldface, \wordtag{in order that}{连接词} \wordtag{you won't miss them}{副词从句}.

(我用黑体字把重点打出来，好让你们不会遗漏掉。)

副词从句修饰动词type out有何目的。同样的，这里的连接词不是单独、无意义的that，而是表目的的in order that，所以引导的是副词从句。

3. I've underlined the key points, \wordtag{lest}{连接词} \wordtag{you miss them}{副词从句}.

(我已把重点画了线，以免你们把它们漏掉。)

副词从句修饰动词have underlined有何目的。

4.You'd better bring more money，\wordtag{in case}{连接词} \wordtag{you should need it}{副词从句}.

(你最好多带点钱，万一要用。)

副词从句修饰动词bring的目的。

\subsection{让步}
1. \wordtag{Although}{连接词} \wordtag{you may object}{副词从句}, I must give it a try.
(虽然你可能会反对，我仍然必须试试看。)

副词从句修饰动词must give。

2. \wordtag{While}{连接词} \wordtag{the disease is not fatal}{副词从句},it can be very dangerous. 
(这虽然不是要命的病，不过也很危险。)

副词从句修饰动词 can be。

3. Wh-拼法的连接词，若解释为No matter…(不论)，就表示让步语气，引导副词从句。

\wordtag{Whether(=No matter)}{连接词} \wordtag{you agree or not}{副词从句},I want to give it a try. 
（不论你是否同意，我都想试一试。）

\wordtag{Whoever(=No matter who) calls}{连接词+副词从句},I won't answer. 
(不管谁来电话，我都不接。)

\wordtag{Whichever(=No matter which) way you go}{连接词+副词从句}, I'll follow.
(不论你走哪条路，我都跟着你。)

\wordtag{However (=No matter hwo) cold it is}{连接词+副词从句},he's always wearing a shirt only. (不管多冷，他总是只穿件衬衫。)

\wordtag{Wherever(=No matter where) he is}{连接词+副词从句}, I'll get him!
(不管他躲到哪，我都会抓到他！)

\wordtag{Whenever(=No matter when)you like}{连接词+副词从句}, you can call me.
(你随时可以给我来电话。)

\subsection{限制}
1. \wordtag{As far as}{连接词} \wordtag{money is concerned}{副词从句}, you needn't worry. (钱的方面你不必担心。)

副词从句修饰动词 needn't worry，表示不必担心的事情是在某一方面，暗示也许是别的方面才要担心。

2. Picasso(毕加索) was a revolutionary \wordtag{in that}{连接词} \wordtag{he broke all traditions}{副词从句}.
(毕加索是革命派，即他打破了一切传统。)

副词从句修饰动词was，把``是革命派''的意思加以限制：在于打破传统，并非真的举枪起义。

连接词in that是由in the sense that（从某种意义来说）省略而来。

\subsection{方法、状态}
1. He played the piano \wordtag{as}{连接词} \wordtag{Horowitz would have}{副词从句}.
(他弹钢琴有如大师霍洛维兹。)

副词从句修饰动词Played --- 如何弹法。

2. 

He writes \emph{as if} \emph{he is left handed}. (他写字像左撇子)

He writes \emph{as if} \emph{he were left handed}.

He writes \wordtag{as if}{连接词} \wordtag{he was left handed}{副词从句}.

上面三句中，用is表示他应该真是左撇子，用were表示他不是，只是冒充左撇子，用was则表示不一定 --- 可能是，也可能不是。三句话都是用连接词as if引导后面的副词从句，修饰动词writes --- ``如何写法''。


\section{结语}
副词从句由完整的简单句外加有意义的、表达逻辑关系的连接词（because、if、although等）所构成。它附在一个完整的主要从句上作修饰语（修饰动词最常见），两个从句（主、从）之间的关系类似对等从句。

\section{练习}
\begin{multicols}{2}
    \begin{enumerate}
        \item Please come back \blank you finish your work.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item as soon as 
            \item as soon as possible
            \item as possibly soon 
            \item as soon possible
        \end{enumerate}
        \item Which of the following is correct?
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item He is very smart; moreover, he is diligent.
            \item He is very smart, moreover, he is diligent.
            \item He is very smart, Moreover, he is diligent.
            \item He is very smart; and moreover, he is diligent.
        \end{enumerate}
        \item It is not safe to get off a car \blank .
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item unless it is in motion
            \item until it has come to a stop
            \item after you have openend the window
            \item before the traffic light turns red
        \end{enumerate}
        \item If you sell your rice now, you will be playing your hand very badly. Wait \blank the price goes up.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item until 
            \item still 
            \item for 
            \item that
        \end{enumerate}
        \item (The rain is over. You must not stay any longer.) You must not stay any longer \blank the rain is over.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item when 
            \item that 
            \item now that 
            \item as for
        \end{enumerate}
        \item It is such a good opportunity \blank you should not miss it.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item as 
            \item that 
            \item which 
            \item of which
        \end{enumerate}
        \item Tom is dull. He works hard. He will surely pass the exam.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item Though Tom is dull, he works so hard that he will surely pass the exam.
            \item Despite his dullness, Tom will surely pass the exam by work hard.
            \item Tom will surely pass the exam because he works hard with his dullness.
            \item Dull as Tom is, he will surely pass the exam with work hard.
        \end{enumerate}
        \item She had worked several years \blank she could continue her studies in France.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item as
            \item while 
            \item before
            \item then
        \end{enumerate}
        \item \blank ,he never begged for money.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item Despite he was poor 
            \item because he was poor
            \item Poor as he was 
            \item In spite of he was poor
        \end{enumerate}
        \item \blank the typhoon warning, several fishing boats set sail.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item Because 
            \item According
            \item Despite
            \item Although
        \end{enumerate}
        \item I knew I would never have what I needed \blank it myself.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item even made 
            \item without me making 
            \item except making 
            \item unless I made
        \end{enumerate}
        \item Which of the following is correct?
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item I shall either go back to Taiwan or my family will come to England.
            \item I shall go back either to Taiwan or my family will come to England.
            \item Either I shall go back to Taiwan or my family will come to England.
        \end{enumerate}
        \item \blank unwilling to do so, he had to follow the traditional ways.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item After 
            \item Although 
            \item Since 
            \item Once
        \end{enumerate}
        \item Which of the following is correct?
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item Not only the money but also three paintings was stolen.
            \item Not only the money but also three paintings were stolen.
            \item Not only the money was stolen but also were the paintings.
        \end{enumerate}
        \item No one was sure \blank was going to happen.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item what 
            \item who 
            \item when 
            \item where
        \end{enumerate}
        \item \blank she studied hard, but she didn't succeed.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item Though 
            \item Although 
            \item Indeed 
            \item While
        \end{enumerate}
        \item ``You seem angry at Martha.'' ``I am. \blank I'm concerned, she can go away forever.''
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item As like as 
            \item As many as 
            \item As such as 
            \item As far as
        \end{enumerate}
        \item I'm going to tell you the number once more, \blank you forget.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item don't 
            \item that 
            \item so that 
            \item lest
        \end{enumerate}
        \item The mother's warning \blank there be no contact with boys was generally ignored.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item which 
            \item that 
            \item if 
            \item wherever 
        \end{enumerate}
        \item Don't go away \blank you have told me what actually happend.
        \begin{enumerate}
            \item since 
            \item then 
            \item after 
            \item until
        \end{enumerate}
    \end{enumerate}
\end{multicols}

\section{答案}
\begin{multicols}{2}
    \begin{enumerate}
        \item (A) 
        \item (A) moreover是副词，不具连接词的语法功能，所以要用分号来取代连接词。
        \item (B) 语法都对，只有B的句意合理。
        \item (A) wait一词构成一个命令句
        \item (C) now that 解释为``既然''
        \item (B) 上文有such，因而要有that来配合，表示因果关系
        \item (A) 动词不可直接放在介系词后面
        \item (C) 
        \item (C) Though he was poor可改写为Poor as he was,连接词现在要用as。despite和in spite of为介系词不可引导从句。
        \item (C) 名词短语the typhoon warning前面应有介系词
        \item (D) 空格中要表示条件，A多一个动词，B应省略掉与主语重复的me。D是以unless的副词从句表示条件。
        \item (C) either和or之间的部分要和or之后的部分对称。
        \item (B) unwilling和had to意思上相反，只有although可表示相反的关系。
        \item (B) not only和but also亦要求对称。
        \item (A) 这个位置要用连接词，又要能当was的主语，所以要用关系代名词类。what was going to happen亦可作疑问句类的名词从句看待。
        \item (C) 两个从句间已有连接词but，不能再用连接词，只能用副词类
        \item (D) 这个位置要用连接词，D是表示限度的从属连接词
        \item (D) 
        \item (B)正文的there be no contact…来看，是间接命令句语气，应为名词从句
        \item (D) 
    \end{enumerate}
\end{multicols}
